The Odyssey Calypso And Circe Paper Essay free essay sample

The Odyssey: Calypso And Circe Paper Essay, Research Paper 4 ) # 8220 ; The Nature of Women Portrayed by Circe and Calypso In Homer # 8217 ; s forming, The Odyssey, the capacities grown-up females play are extremely significant. The best delineations of the genuine idea of grown-up females happen when Odysseus experiences Circe and Calypso. These two characters represent the thoughts and sentiments of how grown-up females how a grown-up female feels and how they think. As the quote territories, Circe and Calypso represent how grown-up females genuinely can be sly, savvy, underhand, unpatriotic, and pitiless. As opposed to battle with work powers, Cyclops, or enliven creatures, sexual clashes with grown-up females are now and then significantly more difficult to win. These two female characters are especially baiting to Odysseus since they are goddesses. In spite of the fact that it is clear that Odysseus yearns to come back to Penelope in Ithaca, it in some cases creates the impression that he has lost vision of what life resembled with a wedded lady, a kid, and with 1000s of individuals who see him as King. We will compose a custom paper test on The Odyssey Calypso And Circe Paper Essay or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In spite of the fact that his encounters on the islands of these goddesses were comparative in that he was held from Ithaca for the longest times of his venture, these goddesses and the manners in which that Odysseus responds to his encounters with them speak to two extremely various features of Odysseus # 8217 ; life and personality throughout everyday life. At the point when Odysseus and his work powers show up on Circe # 8217 ; s island, they are still in sensibly great structure. In Book X, lines 194-196, Odysseus says: # 8220 ; I moved to a bouldery topographic purpose of perception and took a gander at the island, and the unceasing ocean lies all around it. # 8221 ; I accept this lights up an extremely of import aspect in Circe # 8217 ; s tendencies. She doesn # 8217 ; t appear to want to do any existent injury to the work powers, however needs to enclose these work powers with her supplement, vino, and lasciviousness. She is by all accounts fixated on prurience and material po ssessions, and it is my conviction that she speaks to all that is powerless in grown-up females ( at any rate in Homer # 8217 ; s cut ) . In lines 294-296, Hermes is present withing Odysseus on the most proficient method to keep away from injury from Circe: # 8220 ; hotfoot frontward against Circe, as though you were sloping to slaughter her, and she will be apprehensive, and welcome you to make a trip to bed with her. # 8221 ; Circe other than shows us as perusers Odysseus # 8217 ; fizzling towards prurience and sex. This clasp spent on Circe # 8217 ; s island was a preliminary of whether he could oppose lewdness from a goddess, and he falls flat. From the start it seems like the solitary ground Odysseus lays down with Circe is to recuperate his confidants, however she simple convinces them to remain. What exacerbates the reality Odysseus is non even the first prepared to travel. His work powers are the 1s who ask him to go forward: # 8220 ; What distresses you now? It is clasp to accept about ou R ain country† ( Book X, line 472 ) . At an impression, apparently Odysseus is just respecting Circe’s techniques for grounds identified with their health and great being, in the event that we set out to find the real story, we right away get down to perceive that Odysseus is feeble in the greedy guardianships of lustfulness. Odysseus shows up on Calypso’s island in her cavern. From the outset, it appears Odysseus doesn’t appear to be a lot to mind her taking consideration of him, yet over clasp it is clearly evident that he is discontent with her. At the point when Hermes shows up on Calypso’s island to give her the message from Zeus to relinquish Odysseus, he is roaring on the beach†a daylong action for him. Calypso is keeping him with her forcibly ; she has no friends to help him back to Ithaca, nor has she a boat to guide him in. Athena begs Zeus to give Odysseus good karma, expressing that â€Å"he lies away on an island distress solid str ivings in the mansion of the sprite Calypso, and she confines him by limitation, and he can non do his way to his state, for he has non any boats by him, nor any friends who can pass on him back over the sea’s expansive ridges† ( Book V, lines 13-17 ) . Odysseus’s visit to Calypso island, and his drawn-out remain, shows his stamp side, when he is isolated by expire from his team, cognizing he has no pick yet to remain with Calypso, yet he despite everything grieves for Penelope, Telemachus, and Ithaca. Calypso feels it is her entitlement to look after Odysseus. All things considered, it was her raising and love that spared him from expire. She cherishes him and needed to do him undying with her so they could populate together for all boundlessness, however he despite everything aches to come back to his place. This shows Odysseus’ expectation, finding, and gigantic love for his place. The vast majority would hold surrendered trust by this clasp. Odysseusâ €™ involvement in Calypso mirrors his quality and industriousness, however he cries each of the twenty-four hours ordinary. It is somewhat dry. Calypso appears to represent womanly green-peered toward beast. She realizes he has a hitched lady hanging tight in Ithaca for him, yet she keeps on holding him for her ain childish felicity. She is by all accounts a little uncertain on the off chance that she is more noteworthy in magnificence than Penelope when she guarantees Odysseus that she surpasses Penelope by a long shot in that nation. It appears that she realized what his answer would be and basically needed to hear it from his oral cavity. Circe and Calypso are two extremely exceptional inverts in Odysseus # 8217 ; come back to Ithaca. I accept the ground these two topographic focuses kept him for longer than some other topographic point was on the grounds that Odysseus, when within the sight of these lovely goddesses, was debilitated severely. It # 8217 ; s the normal, dateless story of the force grown-up females hold over work powers with regards to sex.

Resurrection And Christ Essay Example For Students

Revival And Christ Essay For a long time, craftsmen all through the world have intended to catch and depict a specific topic or subject in understanding to their strict convictions, individual impacts, and temperament, or dependent on upon cultural impacts. The figure of Christ and the way where he has been delineated has shifted gigantically throughout the years, which is exceptionally demonstrative of changing social perspectives. Piero della Francescas Resurrection of 1463, and Julie Rraps Christ of 1984, have each delineated a Christ like figure in a manner that represents their own convictions and furthermore mirrors the publics position with respect to the portrayal of Christ at the time every work of art was finished. The two fine arts are fundamentally extraordinary in style and portrayal, as every craftsman has chosen various media and altogether various methodologies and translations. These huge contrasts are for the most part because of the times wherein every work of art was delivered. Francescas fresco is a great result of the Italian Renaissance time frame, while Rraps piece is characteristic of our changing society and its strict qualities. Israel, 1997, p. 160. Francesca formed his piece during the Early Renaissance time frame toward the start of the fifteenth century, where confidence in the hypothetical establishments of workmanship was profoundly positioned. During this time, numerous instances of Ancient craftsmanship were adored as both a wellspring of motivation and furthermore as a record of experimentation that had the capacity to uncover the accomplishment of the previous incredible craftsmen. Pioch, 1996, p. 1. About this time, there was as yet a set configuration of how specific Christian figures were seen to have showed up; consequently Francesca has portrayed the figure of Christ in the sound system composed discernment. However he has done as such in a way that completely represents the time he was in, and furthermore shows his own advantage and accomplishment with the utilization of point of view. Then again, Rraps photomontage Christ has been ordered when female sound system types are being tested. The fine art challenges the male strength of past workmanship. Commonplace of postmodern workmanship, this piece is an incredible women's activist articulation, and is with regards to a significant number of her past craftsmanships. Israel, 1997, p. 160. The two craftsmanships are observably unique promptly after review, as Resurrection is a fresco and Christ is a photomontage. The fresco was accumulated with the utilization of color being applied to wet mortar, though the photomontage is generally an establishment course of action that has utilized a collection procedure with the utilization of photos. Rrap has utilized a bit of craftsmanship by Munch and laid out the figure it delineated, and afterward situated herself while semi-bare inside the blueprint. It is this arrangement of herself inside the diagram that has empowered her to sneak out of the generalization of the female Israel, 1997, p. 160. The picture was then separated and preoccupied, with the utilization of thick brush strokes out of sight, making a feeling of development. Restoration anyway has been delivered in an unquestionably increasingly basic way, with the structure containing Jesus remaining with one leg raised onto a tomb, while four Roman gatekeepers are dozing by the tomb at his feet. Jesus, wrapped in red material, is holding a banner in a practically triumphant and rebellious motion. The frontal area figures have all been set in context, yet the foundation shows up very strange related. Hardly any hues have been utilized in Christ, yet the picked shades of yellow and dark entomb blended out of sight, red on blue for the cross, and the overstated yellow substance tone in the photograph on the blue have all been utilized effectively. They each add to the general impact of the picture in a positive mode. Then again, Francescas fresco has included the utilization of sensible shading all through the whole picture. The hues have been utilized capably and made tone and profundity in all parts of the fresco, adding to the ideal sensible portrayal of figures. Hopwood, 1996, p. 80B. Every craftsman has picked and utilized their shading in a methodology that is characteristic and commonplace of their period, Francesca specifically. .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80 , .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80 .postImageUrl , .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80 , .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80:hover , .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80:visited , .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80:active { border:0!important; } .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80:active , .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80:hover { darkness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u207aee069661 6b555918a8659e9f3e80 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u207aee0696616b555918a8659e9f3e80:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Civil Disobedience EssayDespite the overwhelming position that Jesus has been set in inside Resurrection, his outward appearance alongside the general arrangement of figures and the scene makes a practically serene and peaceful mind-set. The situating of each figure produces an amicable equalization, which is praised by the variety of shading and space. The whole idea of the sythesis is normal for the Renaissance time, where the improvement of scientific utilization of workmanship standards was consistently being created alongside numerous other new masterful ideas in the entire resurrection time frame. Hopwood, 1996, p. 92. Similar to Resurrection with respect to social impacts and condition, Christ has been finished so that it as well, is illustrative of its social condition. This is appeared in a few different ways, including the way that Rrap has captured herself stripped, with the exception of a white fabric falling beneath her stomach district. She has not the slightest bit endeavored to cover her bosoms, which delineates societys developing acknowledgment of the practically exposed female structure being utilized in current craftsmanship. It isn't the detail of showing up semi exposed in any case, that is generally demonstrative of todays social atmosphere. Or maybe, it is simply the arrangement in such a posture and portrayal of Jesus that gives the greatest knowledge into the social air of today. It is a striking women's activist proclamation that transparently challenges the generalized job of ladies in craftsmanship all through earlier hundreds of years. Isreal, 1997, p. 161. Both Francescas Resurrection and Rraps Christ have been created in manners that adjust to their particular times. Every craftsman has passed on their picked topic of Christ in such a way, that obviously appears and delineates the social condition of their time. This has been outlined through the general format and organization, emphasizd by components, for example, shading and variety. However the social atmosphere has been delineated most fundamentally through the manner by which the figure of Jesus has been depicted. At first as a male, at that point strikingly as a female, more than four centuries later. To numerous individuals, this is an indication of progress, yet according to similarly the same number of, it is additionally step in reverse.

Sleep Problems in Recovering Alcoholics

Sleep Problems in Recovering Alcoholics Addiction Coping and Recovery Print How Insomnia Happens With Recovering Alcoholics By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 10, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 10, 2020 EujarimPhotography / Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Many people with alcohol use disorders also have sleep problems. They may fall asleep easily, but excessive alcohol use disrupts their sleep during the latter part of the night. If you drink to excess, even occasionally, you have probably experienced sleep problems. Three or more drinks will cause the average person to fall asleep sooner than usual, says Shawn R. Currie, of the University of Calgary. However, falling asleep faster is the only real benefit of alcohol for sleep. What you may not know is if you quit drinking and remain sober you can have significant sleep problems long after you stop drinking. Most heavy drinkers who quit drinking find it difficult to sleep during the early days of sobriety; it is one of the most common alcohol withdrawal symptoms and one that causes many to relapse. Typical Recovery Sleep Problems According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 25% to 72% of people with alcohol use disorders report sleep troubles. The more prevalent, disruptive effects include more frequent awakenings, worse sleep quality, reduction of deep sleep, and earlier-than-usual waking times, leading people to feel they did not get enough sleep.?? Studies have found that: Sleep problems can last for many months after quitting drinking.??Recovering alcoholics typically have more problems with sleep onset than with sleep maintenance.??Many recovering alcoholics had sleep problems that predate  their alcohol dependence.?? Research also shows that sleep disruption can last long after alcohol withdrawal symptoms cease. They may continue to occur in the two to six months of abstinence  following withdrawal.  Currie notes that recovery and abstinence are more challenging if you arent able to get enough good-quality sleep.?? Alcohol Consumption and Sleep Disorders Non-Restorative Sleep People in alcohol recovery take a long time to fall asleep, have problems sleeping through the night, and feel that their sleep is not restorative.?? Lab studies show reductions in deep sleep and abnormalities in REM sleep in persons with more than a year of sobriety. Sleep has a reputation among the recovering community of being one of the last things that fall back into place for an individual, says David Hodgins, professor of psychology at the University of Calgary. Its also recognized as a potential precipitant of relapse. Within the 12-step community, theres a little saying that describes the risk factors for relapse; its called HALT. People who are Hungry, Angry, Lonely or Tired are at an increased risk of relapse. Certainly, one way a person can be tired is through sleep disruptions.?? Insomnia Researchers found that alcoholics with both short- and long-term abstinence had similarly disturbed sleep after they quit drinking. In general, problems with sleep onset were worse than with sleep maintenance, according to Currie. Most insomniacs have a combination of problems getting to sleep and problems staying asleep, he says. Our results indicate that most recovering alcoholics have both types of insomnia but the onset problem is generally worse.?? Types of Insomnia Acute insomnia: Brief period of trouble sleeping, often caused by a stressful life event or experienceChronic insomnia: problems falling or staying sleeping at least three nights per week for three months or longerComorbid insomnia: occurs with another condition, like depression or anxiety, that also interferes with sleepOnset insomnia: trouble falling asleepMaintenance Insomnia: inability to sleep through the night (wake up and cant fall back to sleep) Many people experiencing insomnia in recovery also had insomnia before they became dependent on alcohol. Currie notes that chronic insomnia affects 10% to 15% of the general adult population, but half of his study participants had insomnia before became alcohol dependent. Although we cannot infer any causal connection between insomnia and alcoholism from this data, it is hard to ignore such a high rate of pre-existing sleep problems in the sample, he says.?? Treatment for Insomnia The first treatment for insomnia in recovery is sobriety, and many patients will see improvement. For the specific treatment of insomnia, behavioral therapies are the preferred treatment rather than medications, as they have been shown to be effective and they wont interfere with sobriety.?? Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) The goal of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is to change sleep habits as well as any misconceptions about sleep and insomnia that may perpetuate sleep difficulties. CBT-I often entails regular, weekly meetings, during which your therapist will give you sleep assessments, work with you to alter problematic sleep behaviors, and ask you to complete a sleep diary at home. Sleep Restriction This type of behavioral therapy works to improve your sleep efficiency, or the time you spend asleep divided by the time you spend in bed. The idea behind sleep restriction is that by limiting the amount of time you allow yourself to sleep and stay in bed, youll increase your desire to sleep (called sleep drive) and sleep less fitfully and more efficiently. Medication There are many medications used to treat insomnia, including  benzodiazepine  and nonbenzodiazepine medications. If youre in recovery, your healthcare provider will need to weigh the risks and benefits of prescribing these medications for insomnia. There are also some relapse prevention medications that can help promote sleep.?? Complementary Therapy Numerous complementary therapies have been used to treat insomnia in people in recovery, including: Relaxation and biofeedback therapyProgressive muscle relaxationYogaAromatherapyMindfulness meditation Sleep Hygiene Taking time to fix your sleep hygiene is another way to help prevent or reduce insomnia. This can include the following: Develop a relaxing bedtime routine. Whether you write in a journal, download a meditation app, or wind down with a warm bath, doing something calming prior to lights out will help set the tone for solid slumber.Keep your room dark, cool, and comfortable. Avoid the use of television, cell phones, computers, or e-readers in your bedroom. The blue light from these electronic devices can suppress the bodys sleep-inducing hormone melatonin and interfere with your internal body clock. The NSF recommends keeping your room temperatures above 75 degrees Fahrenheit and below 54 degrees Fahrenheit and using light-blocking curtains, shades, or blinds to keep your bedroom dark.Keep a regular sleep/wake schedule. This will enable your body to get used to a certain time schedule and then be ready to sleep when it is time.Avoid napping. Naps decrease your overall amount of sleep debt, making it more difficult to fall asleep again at night at the proper time.  Refrain from stimulants in the evening.? ? Stimulants that disrupt sleep include caffeine (coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolate) and nicotine. According to a study published in Psychology, Health Medicine, the average person loses more than one minute of sleep for every cigarette they smoke.

Online Casino Bitcoin Integration Slowly Becoming A...

Article 38 – Is online casino bitcoin integration slowly becoming a necessity? The world of online casino gaming is in the middle of a growth spurt. After once being considered a niche arena, it is estimated that up to 500,000 people are gambling online at anyone time, with online casinos operating all around the world. Part of the growth of the industry can be attributed the introduction of bitcoin as a money management method, which in many ways gave the cryptocurrency a true home. The reason for the popularity is simple; players have found it far more effective to use bitcoin instead of traditional fiat currencies. As the importance of bitcoin in the online casino industry grows, is it time that all online casino providers adopted it? In 2015 it seems the world is infatuated with the cryptocurrency concept, as the online casino does not stand alone in its adoption of it. Countless investors have opted to put money into bitcoin-based startups (including bitcoin-centric online casinos), with the total investment figure standing at approximately $400 million. The ecommerce industry has already made moves to accept the currency, while industry leaders such as Dell and Microsoft already accept the currency for onsite payments. From an online casino standpoint, the key benefits come from being able to use the currency even in regions where it is â€Å"prohibited† or â€Å"restricted†. The fluid nature of the currency also means that transaction fees and processing times are not a

Characteristics Of George Washington - 1238 Words

George Washington was the first President of the United States and was the only one in history to ever be elected unanimously. Although he went in without notion of how the presidency was going to work in the new republic, he still served two terms without any opposition. This goes to show how truly intelligent and successful George Washington was as President. His personality, policies, and ideas greatly inspired the prosperity and evolution of the government, foreign policy, economic policy in America even for future generations, making him the greatest President in the history of this country. George Washington’s philosophy was an ideal factor in making the people of America fall in love with him. For example, colonists liked that†¦show more content†¦This could have led to many more riots in the country and one majority faction overtaking the American government because he was so admired as others might have copied him. Additionally, the people of the United State s knew that Washington was loyal to the country because he had been an honorable general in the Revolutionary War. This personality trait again made Washington trustworthy and people believe that he was a great president. He had the same interests and revolutionary values as the rest of the country because he also fought for freedom from an oppressive ruler. He made tried to make sure no soldiers were cheated by supporting the idea of â€Å"funding at par† or repaying bonds given to soldiers at face value. Even though this act didn’t successfully pay back the soldiers due to the selling of the bonds, Washington ha at least tried to help the troops. The large personality differences from both leaders also led many colonists to fall in love with Washington just because they had never experienced such a form of government and leadership.Being the first leader of the nation after such an inconsiderate,Show MoreRelatedThe Characteristics Of George Washington As A Good King9 06 Words   |  4 Pagescorrupt, and who could put the future of the country beyond his own desires; America’s future was reliant on a leader who had these qualities. Luckily, the first president, George Washington, acted as the â€Å"good king† America heavily needed. Like Hrothgar, a good king in Beowulf, George Washington reflects similar characteristics of bravery and prominence. Hrothgar, king of the Danes, is referred to as a reputable and respected warrior throughout the epic, which is comparable to Washington’s militaryRead MoreThe Ideal President1460 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity, The delegates from the Constitutional Convention were wary of unchecked power and were determined not to create an all-powerful, dictatorial presidency. Having just â€Å"fought a war of independence [from] Britain [and] the autocratic rule of King George III† (Janda 360), the founding fathers sought to find an individual with exceptional values to rule over the colonies. The delegates then decided to give powers to the president, but with limits and controls in the form of checks and balances. ThisRead MoreGeorge Washington : The French And Indian War1249 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Washington George Washington was born February 22,1732 in Westmoreland County Virginia. He was the first president of the United States and one of the most respected men of all time. After serving as a commander in the French and Indian war, George Washington was better equipped to serve as a commander in chief during the Revolution because of his respected nature and his newly found military tactics. â€Å"The French and Indian War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war betweenRead MoreGeorge Washington s Servant Leadership1451 Words   |  6 Pages Therefore, in this paper, George Washington’s servant leadership styles will be analyzed and the significant of servant leadership model to the current business world. George Washington’s profile Born in 1732 in Westmoreland County, Virginia, George Washington was a general commander-in-chief of the then imperial army at the time of the early American Revolution. He later becomes the US first president between 1789 up to 1797 but later died in 1799. George Washington studied under colonial cultureRead MoreSynthesis Of George Washington849 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Washington Synthesis In 1789, when George Washington was elected president, he became an important figure who later impacts American history and future generations, because he symbolizes all the virtues this nation believes in and stands for. People visualize Washington as a hero for all his acts of bravery, leadership and dedication to the United States. He fought to build and expand the reputation of America. Washington’s mythology inspires America due to his morals, being highly respectedRead MoreBipgraphy of George Washington Essays1015 Words   |  5 PagesYes, George Washington was our first president so he had to be a good leader, but everybody struggles. Of course, this did apply to George Washington and he was still the best man to begin our country’s government. To discover the details, however, investigation and explanation is required. Born in 1732 at Wakefield Plantation in Virginia, George Washington became his father’s eldest of six children in his second marriage. His father did his best to provide him with tutors and private schoolsRead MoreJohn Adams And George Washington Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Adams and George Washington were two instrumental leaders during the American Revolution. Both men were quintessential to the success of the revolution in their own way. John Adams pushed the revolutionary agenda and George Washington lead the continental army. The methods for which they led our nation to success varied due to their differing leadership styles. In consequence, George Washington has gone down in History as a larger than life hero whereas John Adams has nearly been forgotten.Read MoreGeorge Washington Farewell Address Essay1663 Words   |  7 PagesGeorge Washington, a very famous man known as the first President of the United States of America, was born on the 22nd of February, 17 32 in the colony of Bridges Creek, Virginia. (George Presidential Early Life sec.1 para.3) He was born into a wealthy, land-owning family and was a very political individual. Washington served as a Major in the Virginia militia and also fought in the French and Indian War from 1754 to 1763. In addition, Washington became a representative of the Virginia legislatureRead MoreGeorge Washington : The American Of American National History Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Washington stands at the origins of American national history. Many Americans call him â€Å"the father of our country†. Washington commanded the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War. He led the American colonists to freedom from British rule. He headed the convention that created the U.S. Constitution, as president of the republic Washington has created a basis for a federal government in which the Americans were able to find their national agreement. Despite his accomplishments as a generalRead MoreTh e Farewell Address Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Washington, a very famous man known as the first president of The United States of America was born on the 22nd of February in 1732 in Bridges Creek, a colony in Virginia. He was born into a wealthy, land-owning family and was a very political individual. George served as a major in the Virginia militia and also fought in the French and Indian War that occurred from 1754 to 1763. In addition, Washington became a representative of the Virginia Legislature where he was titled a commissioner

Latest Coral Disease Free Essays

Coral disease is a disease found in coral that caused by an algae that grown in the reef tank. There are many identified coral diseases and its causes. One of which is white plague type II. We will write a custom essay sample on Latest Coral Disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now White Plague Type II disease in corals is triggered by the direct contact of coral with macroalgae halimeda puntia. Nugues, claims that this disease causes the widespread death of corals that occur with heavy growth of macroalgae. Cited in Nugues. Et al; www.practicalfishing.co.uk. Macroalgae is said to be the responsible for many coral diseases that if not controlled, it will also lead to coral death. Other identified cause of coral disease is coral bleaching or white syndrome. With this disease, coral looked bleached which caused by the high sea temperature that led coral to eject the symbiotic algae that produce food for the coral. Coral bleaching makes the coral weaker and more prone from attack of diseases. Extreme heat, due to global warming caused this coral bleaching because heat can trigger the virus in zooxanthellae, which is known for food production of corals. As the sea temperature becomes more heaters, more severe coral diseases are also expected to arise. This syndrome can treat and prevented if the sea temperature gets colder. Aside from warm temperature, overcrowding of corals also brings white syndrome. Researchers found out that the syndrome increases its rate from 1998, increased 20-fold in 2002, not just due to warm temperature but also because of overcrowding of corals. Researchers found out that corals can not breath and grow properly if they are closely tight with each other, and they are more prone to diseases. Widespread of disease easily occur if they are too close with each other. There are also other five identified coral diseases and their causes aside from the diseases mention earlier. One is brown band. Dense population of single-celled organism called ciliates causes brown band. These ciliates are hairy organisms that eat the food of coral known as zooxanthellae, it appears as brown jelly that cause disease to corals. Second is black necrosing syndrome. Coral appears to be dead with this kind of disease. Black patches eat away the tissues of corals that leave in white skeleton. It is actually found out in many gorgonian corals in Northern Great Barrier Reef. Third known disease is the pink spot. Pink spot is caused by the larval stage of the parasitic flatworm; which has three life stages that is parasitic on a mollusk, and affects the tissues of corals, which makes sensitive to predation by butterfly fish. However, healthy polyps regenerate from coral once the butterfly fish eats affected polyp. Fourth is Coral Tumor. These Tumors are formed by groups of polyps with increased growth rates. Corals affected with this disease appear to have spherical lumps raised about 4.5 cm from the surface of the coral. This tumor affects the reduction of function and growth of corals. There is a little known spread of numbers of this tumor and it is only monitored in Heron Island. The fifth known disease of corals is black band disease. This disease is associated with cyanobacteria. Coral with black band disease looks healthy in front but dead and look white behind. This band can move across coral colony at rate of 44mm a day. Scientist first coral disease observed this disease last 1973. The sixth and last identified coral disease is the Skeletal Eroding Band. It is similar to black band disease. However, this disease produces a white skeleton speckled with empty black shells of the ciliate, which causes diseases that disrupt the process of secreting protective shells or loricae. Work Cited: Coral Diseases. www.altavista.com/coraldiseases Latest Coral diseases. www.google.com . . How to cite Latest Coral Disease, Essay examples

Analysis Managing Dynamic New Melbourne Team

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Managing Dynamic New Melbourne Team. Answer: Introduction One of the essential activities of manager is forming a team to execute the task and managing the team effectively to achieve the goal and objective of the company. Effective team management is directly related with cohesive leadership, effective communication, common goal and defining roles and responsibilities of team members (Meredith, 2011). The major barrier in team management is the lack of trust, fear of conflict, lack of commitment, lack of accountability and not paying attention to results. In the context of Dynamic, the team management of the new team at Melbourne is examined by task interdependence, importance of team cohesion and recommendation to manage the issue by Jeff at company. Problem associated with the lack of team cohesion within the company Task interdependence can be defined as a functional approach that explains the sharing of information, material and expertise between team members working to achieve the common goal of the team (Cannella, Park, and Lee, 2008). In the process of defining the task interdependence in some cases there is accelerated chance of conflicts between team members and it impacts the team cohesion. Team cohesion is the common bond between members of team and their joint effort to contribute to success of the team. Thus team cohesion results in better cooperation and effective performance by achieving set goal. Lack of cohesion is harmful for the health of the team and impact the performance negatively by enhancing stress and non cooperation on the part of team members (Cannella, Park, and Lee, 2008). Thus in the long run cohesion in the workplace signifies success of team while lack of cohesion signifies failure of the team thereby impacting the performance and goal of the company. In the context of Dynamic the digital strategy director Jeff formed a team of eight members to execute the Burnfit account. The team is mix of members from Dynamic and MediaHype, the new acquisition of the former in Melbourne to expand the business in Australia (Dyer, 2007). As the project was crucial, team members were assigned roles and responsibility and three deliverables identified to be achieved by month end. The reporting structure of the team members was also clarified as they were directly reporting to the director to avoid waste of time by creating additional line of reporting (Dyer, 2007). Thus every step taken to make the team perform such as effective communication, common goal and defining roles and responsibilities of team members. But the problem was team cohesion among the members of the team. The problem associated with the lack of team cohesion within the Dynamic is outlined below As the team was formed by combining the staff from two different company namely Dynamic and MediaHype, there is difference in the culture and work approach resulting in lack of trust on each other and fear of conflict. Thus in first weak every member expressed positive feedback as part of formality (Mackin, 2007). Even Jeff found flow of mails between team members indicating the team is working towards goal as is evident from the case study. The first team meeting also exhibited the same with no team members raising any issue and problem. From the cash study analysis it was evident that the team from MediaHype and Dynamic did not coordinate and support each other effectively. In the second week meeting Anjana Singh the web editor and content strategist complained that she did not get the feedback regarding the progress of new website from the Yuchou and Wen the senior digital strategy consultant (Mackin, 2007). Similarly Mike the social media manager also complained about Yuchou and Wen and stated that they were not serious about the project and informed to proceed as he feels without contributing their opinion. Similarly from the case study analysis it was evident that the Dynamic team Sydney and Dynamic team Singapore also exhibited lack of cohesion In the third week Yuchou and Wen complained that team of Sydney Franz and Amanda Junior digital strategy consultant were not fit for the job and need to be replaced (Simsek et al., 2005). They also stated both of them lacked the confidence for executing the task and disturb them by asking questions all the time. Thus it is evident from the case study analysis that there is no bonding between the team members and it resulted in lack of communication and cooperation and it is root cause of the problems associated with the lack of team cohesion within the company (Simsek et al., 2005). OB theory to analyse Dynamics problems and to formulate solution Organizational behaviour (OB) is part of human resource management and it deal with the behaviour of people at workplace with regard to their act, feeling and thought process. It explains the leadership style and motivation to address problem and solve team conflict to improve cooperation thereby promoting team effectiveness (Wright, and Nishii, 2007). OB has many theories to handle the problem of team in the workplace and they can be classified into five major theories. They are explained below This theory of OB identifies the personality of individuals such as dispositional trait and behavioural dynamics to improve the team work in the workplace (Wright, and Nishii, 2007). This theory of OB identifies the inner urge of indiviaul and uses them to improve team work in the workplace. The theory of motivation has number of sub theory such as common sense theory, expectancy theory, goal setting theory, fundamental attribution theory, Herzbergs two factor theory and Maslows hierarchy of needs theory (Burke et al., 2006). Based on the team requirement, the manager can select the appropriate theory to motivate members of team. This theory of OB identifies the Gestalt principles that shape the perceived though of an individual. It helps to address such as lack of trust, and fear of conflict in team members (Burke et al., 2006). Theories of attitudes and behaviour This theory of OB identifies aims to adjust the attitude and behaviour of individual to develop common bond (Edwards, 2009). It uses organisational behaviour modification, single and double loop learning, reinforcement theory and social cognitive theory. In the context of Dynamic where the eight members team belong to three different category namely Dynamic Singapore, Dynamic Sydney and MediaHype leading to diverse attitude and behaviour owing to the earlier workplace practice (Bowditch, Buono, and Stewart, 2007). Thus using OB theory to analyse Dynamics problems it was identified that the attitude and behaviour of team members of three different work culture was the main issue responsible for lack of team cohesion (Rollinson, 2008). It is is resulting from the lack of trust, fear of conflict, lack of commitment, lack of accountability and not paying attention to results (Bowditch, Buono, and Stewart, 2007). It resulted in no cooperation and coordination between team members impacting task and performance as evident from the case analysis of problem outlined above. To formulate solution to Dynamics problems, the Theories of attitudes and behaviour is helpful. In specific organisational behaviour modification theory can be used to change the attitude and behaviour of eight individuals and cultivate a common bond and shared goal towards the Burnfit account so that they coordinate and cooperate with each other by communicating effectively and providing feedback on time to make progress in the work and achieve the target set for the job (Mullins, 2007). The manager can also use the Theories of motivation to be more specific common sense theory that not supporting each other is failure of the team and it affects every individual in the team Conclusion Thus it can be concluded form the above discussion problem associated with lack of team cohesion within the new team of Dynamic is outlined. It is mainly related with different work culture practiced by eight team members from three different group and lack of trust and fear of conflict that resulted in poor team cohesion (De and Den ,2008). Based on the OB theory, the problem identified is attitude and behavioural aspect of team members and the solution suggested is using the organisational behaviour modification theory, their attitude and behaviour changed to develop common bond and shared goals related with Burnfit account. References Bowditch, J.L., Buono, A.F. and Stewart, M.M., 2007. A primer on organizational behavior. Wiley. Burke, C.S., Stagl, K.C., Salas, E., Pierce, L. and Kendall, D., 2006. Understanding team adaptation: A conceptual analysis and model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), p.1189. Cannella, A.A., Park, J.H. and Lee, H.U., 2008. Top management team functional background diversity and firm performance: Examining the roles of team member colocation and environmental uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 51(4), pp.768-784. De Hoogh, A.H. and Den Hartog, D.N., 2008. Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leader's social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates' optimism: A multi-method study. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), pp.297-311. Dyer, W.G., 2007. Team building. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Edwards, M.R., 2009. An integrative review of employer branding and OB theory. Personnel review, 39(1), pp.5-23. Mackin, D., 2007. The team building tool kit: tips and tactics for effective workplace teams. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Meredith Belbin, R., 2011. Management teams: Why they succeed or fail. Human Resource Management International Digest, 19(3). Mullins, L.J., 2007. Management and organisational behaviour. Pearson education. Rollinson, D., 2008. Organisational behaviour and analysis: an integrated approach. Pearson Education. Simsek, Z., Veiga, J.F., Lubatkin, M.H. and Dino, R.N., 2005. Modeling the multilevel determinants of top management team behavioral integration. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), pp.69-84. Wright, P.M. and Nishii, L.H., 2007. Strategic HRM and organizational behavior: Integrating multiple levels of analysis. CAHRS Working Paper Series, p.468.

Advertisement involves communication to a target market Essay Example

Advertisement involves communication to a target market Essay Example Advertisement involves communication to a target market Essay Advertisement involves communication to a target market Essay Advertisement involves communication to a target market. The intension is to attract the target market, primarily to the advertisement, then ether to the product, or the through the context of the advertisement to the product. Their intension is to pursued through the point of contact between commercial interests and the audience as consumers of products and services. Although it is important to remember that that there are constrains to advertising, for example certain products and services may not be advertised religions and doctors and fortune tellers, cigarettes and other tobacco products. Alcohol may not be glamorised for youth audiences. The National Lottery, slimming products and alcohol products may not be advertised around childrens programmes. The advertising of womens sanitary products is not permitted until after 9.00 p.m. Although small aspects, rules like these ethical constrains appear obvious. Using them as an example it is easy to see the ever-changing environments that advertisers have to navigate. Advertising is directed at mass audiences, so to be tasteful and descent appropriate in any work done. Advertising is very similar to television, and other programmes; * Comes out of the same production base, technologies and production practices. * Has the same basic narrative structures, but compressed. * Uses genre material as a point of recognition and attraction for the audience * Makes interstitial references to other television material * Uses television performers (and their voices) whom we know from other programmes. * Creates its own stars and popular series. General, and obvious key areas adverts want to achieve: (*The connotation strategic methods) * Persuasion An advert communicates, and attempts to win over the audience. *Persuasion:- It is illegal and sinful to use subliminal messaging * Justification The above persuasion would not be possible with out justification Advertisers use special tools in there advertisements to avoid problems such as ethical complaints, taste and decency ect (above). Tabaco companies such as Marlboro use hidden and covert messaging to avoid such regulations. Fear and emotion are the main aspects advertisers try to tap. In this tool box aspects such as the following help towards a direct approach at communicating with audiences;- Surrealism/ inversion *See Orange mobile phone advertisement (*currently showing 11/04/02). There is a man who is on his way somewhere (not specified) and keeps meeting people he knows. The orange phrase is; connecting people; the man must represent the (advert directed) orange philosophy, demonstrated as lots of people waving, saying hello, where he replies. This approach is very surreal, this man appears to know every person he walks by, but is conducted in a very natural manor, expressing an un-real environment. In an attempt to express the communication aspects of him, appealing to feelings such as recognition, social achievement ect. Endorsement This comes in the form of celebrities, or presenters appealing to audiences emotions involved in a range of representations. I.e. health, social direction, lifestyle, point of sale ect. A good example of popular endorsement would be the use of sporting personalities to endorse products. *See Nestle Sporties, this commercial used Mike Own a well-known footballer to been seen eating the product. This would entice fans of this player to eat the breakfast cereal he does. Endorsement around the identity of the product, can be seen with release of Lucozade Sport, where the product endorses the Sport image, inventing slogans and ideas, such as energy replenishment, leading to express a statistic stating 33% more energy from lucazade than standard pop drinks (I think it must be packed with more sugar than the other drinks). Concern of Compassion This strategy is used widely in the cosmetics industry. Where the common form of advertisement is to use and portray perfect models, or perfect beauty to express youthfulness. Or in charity advertisements of i.e. third world countries or RSPCA adverts, where an audience have concern and compassion over an example of poor, or needful persons. From what small donations would make large differences. Concern of compassion on a more overt level can be seen in such advertisements for cleaning adverts. I.e. The advert demonstrates to the mother that she should clean the kitchen surfaces to stop germs breading. Depictions of the child playing on the floor, with reassured looks demonstrate to audience that this is the right way to clean, and she uses Flash to do it with, the right choice of cleaning product. Politics: This can benefit and obstruct advertisers. Obviously advertisers need to work in the conjunction of rules and regulations, but can also feed off any political headlines at that time. With out reference; politics can benefit an advert on many levels. Whether that would be from such things as tax, or political issues ect. (i.e. foot and mouth, tourism industries). Physical techniques: Repetition; is used to remind audiences of the advert/ product, service. Steady repetition is used regularly in advertisement Advertising relies just as much on visual appearance as the overt connotations; (*denotation) Content of the advertisement: Strategies Companies develop strategies to assist them in meeting their objectives. The types of strategy which might be identified in terms of advertising could include: * Identifying the benefit being offered to the consumer by the organisation or its products/ services. * Putting forward an argument to help to sell the product * Identifying to whom the argument is being aimed * Being able to convince the target audience to believe the message Product-Oriented Strategies These strategies relate specifically to the product itself, i.e.: * Generic strategies Sell the category of product, e.g. slimming drinks, toilet roll, trainers. They do not sell the actual brand, e.g. Heinz Baked Beans. Generic clams relate to the highlighting of a particular benefit of a product, i.e. quick effective relief from indigestion, clean Wights etc. Some advertisers highlight this kind of generic claim and then relate their particular brand to that claim to gain a cumulative benefit. * Features of the product Highlighted in an attempt to appeal to the individuals reason. The advertiser attempts to suggest that the logical choice would be their particular brand in preference to others. This is an effective approach if the advertiser is attempting to gain distinction for his or her brand. * Positioning Strategies This strategy attempts to carve out a desired and very distinct market niche. The idea of positioning was developed by Trout Ries. Consumers tend to place products into a hierarchy, and the positioning is about where in that hierarchy the advertisers brand appears. Coca Colas campaigns Coke is it and the real thing were an attempt to position the product as the authentic cola drink. Pepsi on the other hand attempted to reposition Coke Cola by suggesting that it was a drink for older people, with the campaign The choice of a new generation. This type of strategy works well for new products. Questions that need to be addressed in terms of positioning are: * What the brands present position in the market? * Where are your competitors placed in the market? * Does the company wish to reposition its present position in some way? * What type of advertising approach could we use? * USP The unique selling proposition will depend upon the culture of the company and its approach to advertising. Every companys ultimate aim is to create an idea, which will result in the sale of the companys product/ service. The USP was a philosophy developed by Rosser Reeves. It suggests that every product/ service has characteristics that make it unique at its level. Preferably, these characteristics should be a major feature of the product, thereby making the brand superior to others. A slogan like Guinness is good for you is a unique-selling-proposition statement. A unique selling proposition based on a physical characteristic limits potential, however, and could run into difficulty with strict advertising codes that now exist. The claim by Persil that it washes wighter is an example of such a proposition. All advertisements should, nevertheless, promote one specific benefit to the consumer. Consumer-Oriented Strategies These strategies are aimed at the consumer: * Brand image strategies These strategies attempt to give the brand a personality, and that personality- instead of any built-in or intrinsic features of the product is what is being sold. David Ogilvy is credited with developing the idea of a brand image in the 1950s for products like Schweppes. With Coca Cola and Pepsi we have two similar products which are differentiated by the way each brand is portrayed and communicated through advertising. This approach works well in a competitive market environment or where the product might be classed as a commodity, i.e. soap, beer etc. This type of advertising also works well for products which have obviouse social identities, i.e. cars. Products which are invisible, i.e. cleaning products or food products stored in cupboards, are also sold by using the brand image approach.

Bicamerilism essays

Bicamerilism essays In 1787, a pattern of government started to form in the colonies. A king chose a governor to serve as an advisory body and chief executive, which became the upper house of the colonial legislature. The lower house was elected by the colonist who owned property and were eligible to vote. This provided our founding nation of a bicameral legislation. However, critics of bicameralism didnt want it included into the constitution because they thought of the Senate as undemocratic. They would make an argument about how much larger regions with less population had the same number of representatives in the Senate, compared to a smaller region with a much larger population. The purpose of the Senate was to have equal number of representatives to prevent the most populated regions from dominating the Congress. Bicameralism provided for equal representation for each state in the Senate, and for the House of Representative to be elected based on their respective populations. Currently, a legislature is made up of two chambers that is supported the system of checks and balances. Either house is able to block legislation approved by the other. The two houses have to cooperate with each other and compromise on the differences in writing the nations laws. Although the House and Senate share similar powers and can be considered equal, the two houses differ in a numerous ways. The House of Representatives has 435 members, with each member elected from each congressional district. The Senate however has only 100 members, two from every state. Because of the Houses larger size, the House is more formal and stricter than the Senate. A member of the House has to be recognized in order to speak during a debate for a short time period. The Houses own members choose a longtime member that has influentially contributed over the years to be the Speaker. The Speaker is then the acknowledged leader of its majority party. If the Sp...

Evaluation of Two New Assessment Methods for Selecting Telephone Case Study - 1

Evaluation of Two New Assessment Methods for Selecting Telephone Customer Service Representatives - Case Study Example Other statistics were also close except r-value with work sample (C), and this could be treated as an outlier. A significant level of consistency is also evident in statistics for results for work sample (T) and results for work sample (C). In all the three results, consistency exists in significant r-values and the use of quantitative approach in analyzing the data further establishes reliability because of freedom from barriers such as effects of emotions. The study’s sample size is also large enough to establish internal consistency and its value that is greater than 30, suitable for normal approximations and relatively large for the population size, explains this. Data collection also included a second rater throughout the process, a factor that eliminated bias. In addition, the replication was done within a short period and therefore eliminated maturation confound. The use of predetermined evaluation criteria for the work sample tests also eliminated possible examiner bia s or uninformed and arbitrary evaluations. These features therefore establishes internal reliability of the evaluations and means that the analysis results are suitable for informing decisions on the organization’s recruitment and staffing decisions (Grinnell & Unrau 124). Similarly, key measures of validity inform its evaluation. Measurement validity is the degree to which a measure meets its intended objectives and analysis of used measures identifies validity. Speed, accuracy, and interpersonal skills are accurate measure of customer-service-relation competence because of identifiable relationship with deliverables. Speed indicates ability to meet demand for phone bookings that is growing, accuracy indicates the ability to satisfy customer my making correct deliveries at the right times, while interpersonal skills identifies ability to develop relationships between customers and the organization for

Should school uniforms be mandatory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Should school uniforms be mandatory - Essay Example The students believe that the can dress up on their own on a daily basis and thus be different in their own right. What they do not understand is the fact that uniforms bring in politeness and courtesy for one another. This paper will specifically discuss why school uniforms are required and what kind of critical comments are made in the wake of not wearing them by the students. The stance of the teachers as well as the parents will also be taken care of here so as to justify the equation related with school uniforms in the present day and age. Moving ahead, uniforms are important and thus must be made mandatory. The reason for this implementation is that school uniforms implement understanding for one another. Students from humble backgrounds can feel at ease while the ones who are well-off can also come down to their level (Burke 2003). It is a fact that the uniforms create equality within the students, which goes down well with their upbringing regimes for the future. The deeply embedded theories of oneness and equality that are taught within school themselves have a practical basis as soon as the children see their own selves wearing the school uniforms. One should believe that this is the best example of equality that a school can give to its own students. They can practically teach their students to wear school uniforms and thus be active participants of the society that they are a part of. What is even more interesting is the fact that the written word which is presented to them through theory is manifested in its t rue form through the application of school uniforms. The children also understand that their oneness and equality would go a long way in building up their character and in comprehending how to walk hand in hand with the different strata of the society. The different members of the society will co-exist which is indeed the order of this day and age. They will work to good effect for the betterment of one and all, and

Pre Existing Strategies For Youth Offending

Pre Existing Strategies For Youth Offending For over a decade Labours three successive administrations from 1997 to 2010 has left the youth justice system in a state of near permanent reform. With almost two decades prior to 1997 in opposition Labour had the opportunity to implement ready-made polices on criminal justice which started with the youth justice system by adopting a root and branch reform agenda.  [2]  This paper will critically review the policies pursued by Governments over the past fourteen years to address the social causes of crime amongst young people. The primary question this paper will ask is whether these policies have made a difference to either crime figures or recidivism amongst juveniles. The paper will initially begin by discussing the pre-existing strategies on youth crime employed before the last fourteen years which is crucial to critically reviewing the laws development over the past fourteen years. The second part of this paper will focus on the strategies employed to deal with the social ca uses of youth crime. The final section of the paper will draw the paper together by discussing the impact of the strategies employed by the various Governments to deal and manage youth justice offending by examining their impact upon youth offending. Pre-Existing Strategies for Youth Offending: Much of the twentieth-century juvenile justice system was characterised by a double taxonomy which can be best described as punishment and welfare.  [3]  The last fifty years have seen a bewildering complexity of shifts in the approach of the police, courts and various governmental agencies established to respond to youth offending and the social causes of crime.  [4]  It has been a dissected mix of governmental policies that alternate between punitive punishment and a welfare or care approach. The literature presents the 1960s as a high point in the development of welfarism in the youth justice system with a shift away from penal punishment to family councils and family courts to deal with juvenile offending and the surrounding social causes of youth crime.  [5]   The coming to power of the Conservative government in the 1970s brought a shift back to punitive punishment for youth offenders with an increasing use of juvenile courts with custodial sentences rising from 3000 in 1970 to over 7000 in 1978.  [6]  Alongside this shift towards a strong sharp punishment of youth offending in England and Wales, Scotland sought to introduce an alternative approach with the introduction of the Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968. An underlying feature of this approach to youth offending were welfare tribunals which used lay people such as social workers, teachers and family representatives in coming together to manage youth offending in a collaborative way to tackle both the wider social causes of youth offending and the individual offence under consideration. Pratt argues that there were four major sets of criticisms of the welfare model of youth justice: firstly the treatment-orientated interventions were perceived to be ineffective.  [7]  Secondly, evidence suggested that care could become more coercive than punishment. Thirdly, professional expertise of the members of the tribunals was less important than it was perceived to be, in that members were serving with little experience of juvenile offending. Fourthly, the care model of justice was alleged to be ineffective at dealing with youth delinquency. The election of the Conservative government during the 1980s with a law and order agenda produced a mixed approach to youth offending yet again.  [8]  The 1980s brought an introduction of a multi-agency approach to youth offending and the social causes of crime, with an increased use of formal and informal cautioning of youth offenders which distinguished first offenders from repeat offenders. A distinctive feature of this approac h to youth offending was the introduction of the concept of corporatism into the youth justice system which allowed a system to produce efficient, effective justice that worked.  [9]  The focus was on delivering a youth justice framework that worked efficiently delivering value for money for the government using cheaper alternatives than the court system. The youth justice model of the 1980s enjoined the 1990s with a marriage of punitive sentencing of repeat offenders with an incoherent cautioning system for first time youth offenders which the police patrolled without any consistency.  [10]   New Labour, New Youth Justice Police? It is arguable that, amongst other issues, Labour won its first general election under the banner of its tough talk on criminal justice issues.  [11]  By taking a mixed approach between retributive justice and restorative justice Labour sought to increase the States control, regulation and mangerialism of criminal behaviour and the social causes surrounding crime.  [12]   Labour sought to formulate its youth justice policies around a development of pre-existing philosophies of restorative justice values and practice including responsibility, restoration and reintegration, which would draw upon the experience of the existing framework.  [13]  Labour presented a Third way to deal with law and order which centred upon tackling the youth crime which were premised upon making young people take responsibility for crime through the concepts of responsibility, restoration and reintegration.  [14]  The centre piece of reform manifested itself in the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 which have sought to bring restorative elements and values on a formal platform within youth justice.  [15]  In essence the statutory framework represented a clear attempt at modernising youth justice based on empirical evidence.  [16]   The reform advanced by Labour to deal with the social causes of youth offending effectively represented a new youth justice system composed of a Youth Justice Board (YJB) at national level and a multi-agency Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) at local level to administer the youth justice framework.  [17]  This multi-level and multi-agency approach to youth justice redefined the architecture of the youth justice apparatus by reconfiguring the lines of power, management and responsibility.  [18]  In addition to redefining the youth justice apparatus within the criminal justice system, Labour adopted a twin track approach with a perpetual stream of legislative reform focused on reformulating the punishment framework within criminal justice. The main stay of the reforms was provided in the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, which established the Youth Justice Board, Youth Offending Teams and for a restructuring of the non-custodial penalties available to the Youth Court, other reforms included: anti-social behaviour orders (ASBO) and action plans, to reparation orders and parenting orders.  [19]  For offenders under 18, the system of police cautioning was replaced with a new system of reprimand and warnings, to allow young offenders to have the opportunity of at least one reprimand and one final warning prior to prosecution.  [20]   Newburn argues that the new reforms implemented sought to allow restorative values where possible within youth justice through the development of restorative cautioning, action plans and reparation orders.  [21]  The action plan represented an attempt to allow youth offenders to begin a short intensive programme of community intervention combining punishment, rehabilitation and reparation to change the offending behaviour and prevent further crime.  [22]  Although Labour sought to redraw the criminal justice agenda many of the reforms introduced echoed and resembled the multi-agency approach of the 1980s.  [23]  The crucial difference between this fresh attempt at reform was that part of the multi-agency approach this time was not to divert but rather to intervene and become involved in the process.  [24]  A central driving force in Labours restorative reforms was the influence of communitarian thinking, particularly with the introduction of reparation orders and rest orative cautioning.  [25]  The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 placed local authorities with the responsibility of formulating and implementing annual youth justice plans which dealt with the social causes of crime amongst other priorities. Gelsthorpe and Morris argue that the reforms introduced will allow restorative processes to occupy a marginal place within criminal justice until contradictory values and practices of blaming and punishing are given significantly less emphasis and restorative values and practices are given significantly more emphasis.  [26]  A potential flaw of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 presented in the literature is that significant elements inherent in the reforms are premised on the basis of proportionality which is characteristic of punitive punishment. Wasik identifies that the reparation order is subjected to the normal requirements of proportionality which is linked to the retributive justice value of responsibility of the offender for the crime.  [27]  The central concern among advocates of restorative justice is that this model will not operate with the full potential of restorative justice values and principles which could over time gradually become more punitive than restorat ive in nature. Much of the debate throughout the literature focuses on the various elements of the reforms which can be considered to have restorative ideals.  [28]  The most significant reform was the introduction of Referral Orders as part of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. Dignan and Marsh argue that Referral Orders are potentially one of the most radical aspects of the entire youth justice reform agenda where the court can divert the young offender away from the courts system to deal with the offending behaviour through restorative approaches.  [29]  Crawford and Newburn argue that the reforms implemented by Labour were heavily influenced by the what works paradigm and the language of risk factors.  [30]   Conclusion: Goldson argues that Labour introduced an unprecedented corpus of youth justice legislation both in terms of reach and volume.  [31]  Fergusson argues that the approach to youth offending became a melting pot of contradictions, ideals and ideologies where a hybrid model emerges which encompasses a dissected mix of restorative and retributive values.  [32]  Fergusson correctly identifies that the way governments present policy rhetorically, how they codify it legally, and how those policies are played out in practice are critically different facets of the policy process in the management of crime.  [33]   Successive governments have responded to the social causes of youth crime in various ways throughout the last five decades, in particular the latest strategy employed a double edged sword which leans heavily on punitive punishment for adult offenders with a more welfarist approach in dealing with youth offenders.  [34]  Restorative justice undoubtedly represents one of the most significant developments in criminal justice and criminological practice and thinking over the past two decades.  [35]  It is arguably the social movement for criminal justice reform of the 1990s and into the new millennium.  [36]   Empirical evidence emanating from America, Australia and New Zealand indicate that where the use of restorative justice is prevalent for young offenders, there has been success at reducing youth offending rates and a reduction in repeat offending resulting in greater effectiveness at dealing with youth crime and the social causes of crime.  [37]   The net effect of these new policies aimed at the reduction of youth crime and tackling the social causes of crime represent a more integrated approach by the state to manage youth offending rates. The policies acknowledge the failures of the previous strategies of strict punitive punishment as a deterrent for further offences. The approach of incorporating restorative values, although arguable only at the fringes of the youth justice system, represents a more inclusive justice system which takes into account mechanisms to address the social causes of youth offending.

Native Americans in the United States Essay

Based on the ethnic groups (Table 1: Appendix), several beneficial values that helped to shape the United States lifestyle can be described (Holland, 2006). In particular, the brief summaries have given the clear picture of Multiculturalism in the United States in relation to the origin. The United States, for that matter, is captured as a multicultural society that is open to all people with different backgrounds. From an early time, several groups started moving into the region due to various reasons, which allowed for the development of a culturally diverse society. Hence, the United States substantially benefited from the cultural diversity as improved workforce was available for the various work scenarios. Despite the obvious benefits of multiculturalism in the society, some negative forms such as racism, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination flourished over several years (Holland, 2006). In the recent past, for example, several ethnic groups such as the African American, Hispanic, and Indian Americans have continually suffered racism, discrimination, and being depicted in certain stereotypes. Firstly, segregation between the Whites and Blacks was a key characteristic of the population before the rise of the civil rights during the 1950s and over (Holland, 2006). Workplaces, schools, commuter busses, and residential areas were segregated between the two groups until in 1954 when segregation in schools was banned. As a result, people started integrating on a multicultural perspective, which led to the realization of better performances and solutions for the workplaces. Besides the significant leap ahead, other factors such as prejudice and stereotyping still exist at the current date. For instance, the African American and Hispanic groups have been stereotyped in the villainous characters such as gangsters, robbers and the like for several decades (Holland, 2006). Such beliefs have existed for several years and are even a common occurrence in media the same way. Hand in hand, prejudice has also resulted from the occurrences. Therefore, prejudice and stereotypes are a normal situation in the culturally diverse environment of the United States. However, the multicultural nature of the country’s population resulted in some positive factors such as creation of a multicultural workforce that can meet the requirements of the target population in an effective manner (Kenyon, 2005). In connection to that, all the ethnic groups in the American landscape are subject to some positive, as well as, negative aspects of the cultural diversity. As a result, prejudice, stereotypes, racism, and discrimination that were once extremely high have considerably low effects on the modern and socially active populations. In conclusion, the United States still leads with regards to the benefits of cultural diversity among its people. Table 1: Multicultural Matrix and Analysis Worksheet. Part I: Matrix What is the group’s history in the United States? What is the group’s population in the United States? What are some attitudes and customs people of this group may practice? What is something you admire about this group’s people, lifestyle, or society? 1. The African American Several African American people are linked to a history of slavery since their ancestors were brought in the United States as slaves. This happened first during the 1600s-1700s, and where they assisted English colonialists to get American independence. Later, prominent leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr. helped to change discrimination against Blacks. As a result, a breakthrough into the rampant segregation between the whites and blacks reduced. The African American has an approximate population of about 37 million forming about 13 percent of the total population of the United States. The African Americans are characterized by the practice of several cultural activities depicted in their music, art, and lifestyle. As such, they form a significant part of the USA as their culture substantially influenced the American culture. I appreciate the African American lifestyle and their music such as Hip-hop and reggae music. Additionally, I love their celebrations such as the Black history celebrations in which they remember their historic past. 2. The Hispanic and Latino American The Spanish became among the first settlers, before Europeans, to settle in some areas of America such as Florida and California. Several people of this group speak the English language only and have adopted the European-American Culture. On average, the Latino and Hispanic population in the United States is approximately 16 percent of the whole population. This accounts to almost 50 million people. The Hispanics are depicted as religious people who believe in helping one another. Families may be nuclear or extended, and the father is the final decision maker in the family setting, while the mother is the home care taker. However, all family members are expected to assist in the effective functioning of the setting. I love Hispanic music and their musicians such as Ricky Martin and Jenifer Lopez. Additionally, their Mexican foods are an excellent appetizer that I always cannot ignore. 3. The Indian American The Indian American officially became legal citizen in the United States in 1946. The Indians immigrated into the United States via other countries such as Jamaica, South Africa, and United Kingdom among other countries. The Indian population in America is reasonably low at approximately 0. 89 percent of the whole population. As such, this reflects to about 2. 5 million people. The Indian Americans have a strict cultural background and adhere to strict rule on religion, culture, and food among several other practices. Their religions are diverse and may include Hinduism, Islamism, Christianity, and Buddhism. I value the cultural practices of Indians especially those practicing Hinduism as they have fascinating ideas. One example is the caste system, where once in a low or high case system; one is destined to remain right there. 4. The American Asian Asians of the Chinese background came into the United States due to mainly conflicts from their countries. One situation was the Vietnam War, which led to massive migration of the affected into the USA. In the 1970s and 1980s, therefore, was time for the largest Asian migration into the United States. The Americans Asian account for about 5 percent of the United States’ population. As a result of cultural diversity, the American Asians are exposed to several challenges. I admire the Chinese way of life that comprises of fun in the form of art and craft. Additionally, I find pleasure watching some of their movies and appreciate the Yoga. 5. The Native Americans The Native Americans were the original settlers of the United States of America. Relevant sources indicate that they enabled undetectable communication during the World War II using their native language. As pertains to name, the Native Americans are recognized as the first settlers of the United States. However, they account for a small population percentage of about 1 percent. The Native Americans culture show dissimilar practices in all other nations. In particular, those living on reservations show dissimilar cultures from the ones not living on reservations; however, some similarities may exist in their heritage and traditions. The Native Americans fascinate me with their incredible lifestyle such as them living in tepees and their spiritualism. 6. The Bahamian American The Bahamian American migrated into the United States from the Caribbean during the late 19th century in search for job offers in the agricultural sector. The Bahamian American has an extremely low population of about 40,000 people. Hence, it accounts for approximately 0.01 percent of the whole population. Bahamian Americans preserved their cultural heritage; hence, have a distinguished way of living and culture. The Bahamian way of living and cultural heritage provides an excellent measure of modern living from historical setting. Their cultural practices are engaging. Part II: Analysis Basing on the above listed ethnic groups, several beneficial values that helped to shape the United States lifestyle can be described. In particular, the brief summaries have given the clear picture of Multiculturalism in the United States in relation to the origin. The United States, for that matter, is captured as a multicultural society that is open to all people with different backgrounds. From an early time, several groups started moving into the region due to various reasons, which allowed for the development of a culturally diverse society. Hence, the United States substantially benefited from the cultural diversity as improved workforce was available for the various work scenarios. Despite the obvious benefits of multiculturalism in the society, some negative forms such as racism, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination flourished over several years. In the recent past, for example, several ethnic groups such as the African American, Hispanic, and Indian Americans have continually suffered racism, discrimination, and being depicted in certain stereotypes. Firstly, segregation between the Whites and Blacks was a key characteristic of the population before the rise of the civil rights during the 1950s and over. Workplaces, schools, commuter busses, and residential areas were segregated between the two groups until in 1954 when segregation in schools was banned. As a result, people started integrating on a multicultural perspective, which led to the realization of better performances and solutions for the workplaces. Besides the significant leap ahead, other factors such as prejudice and stereotyping still exist at the current date. For instance, the African American and Hispanic groups have been stereotyped in the villainous characters such as gangsters, robbers and the like for several decades. Such beliefs have existed for several years and are even a common occurrence in media the same way. Hand in hand, prejudice has also resulted from the occurrences. Therefore, prejudice and stereotypes are a normal situation in the culturally diverse environment of the United States. However, the multicultural nature of the country’s population resulted in some positive factors such as creation of a multicultural workforce that can meet the requirements of the target population in an effective manner. In connection to that, all the ethnic groups in the American landscape are subject to some positive, as well as, negative aspects of the cultural diversity. As a result, prejudice, stereotypes, racism, and discrimination that were once extremely high have considerably low effects on the modern and socially active populations. In conclusion, the United States still leads with regards to the benefits of cultural diversity among its people. Part III: Sources Holland, C. (2006). Ethnic and Religious Diversity in Central America: An Historical Perspective. Retrieved November 12, 2011 from the Prolades Website: http://www. prolades. com/Ethnic_Religious_Diversity_CAM-Holland. pdf Kenyon, A. (2005). The Importance of Diversity in the Workplace. Retrieved November 11, 2011 from the Leading Today Website: http://www. leading today. org/Onmag/2005%20Archives/may05/ak-may05. html Reference List Holland, C. (2006). Ethnic and Religious Diversity in Central America: An Historical Perspective Retrieved November 12, 2011 from the Prolades Website: http://www. prolades. com/Ethnic_Religious_Diversity_CAM-Holland. pdf Kenyon, A. (2005). The Importance of Diversity in the Workplace Retrieved November 11, 2011 from the Leading Today Website: http://www. leading today. org/Onmag/2005%20Archives/may05/ak-may05. html.

An Inspector Calls- How Priestly Presents Arthur Birling Essay

Arthur Birling is a self-centred man intent on climbing the class ladder, even at the expense of his family and employees. He regularly uses his obsessive behaviour over status to invoke popularity or power within a particular crowd, which is evident in the very first scenes of the play when Birling says to Gerald: ‘It’s exactly the same port your father gets from him’, suggesting Mr Birling bought it in order to imitate a more prominent societal figure as well as to gain a rapport with Croft. Similarly, Birling tries this technique with the Inspector, however this time to gain leverage over him by asking if he sees much of ‘Chief Constable, Colonel Roberts’, following up his threat with a disclosure of his superiority; â€Å"He’s an old friend of mine†¦I see him fairly. We play golf together†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This was intended to make the Inspector feel belittled and impressed by Birling’s relationship with the Chief Constable, however Priestly makes this decidedly lost on the Inspector, because as a symbol of socialism, he wouldn’t care. One thing Priestly in particular was grateful for after the World Wars was the newfound merging of classes, reflected her in An Inspector Calls by the Inspector’s indifference towards Birling’s titles and wealth. It shows that Birling, regardless of how much money he has or who he knows, is still being investigated for neglecting his social responsibilities. This ultimately shows Socialism as uncorrupted when juxtaposed against the 1912 society where the belief was that if you were rich enough, you weren’t guilty of anything, which is why Birling is outraged by the Inspector’s visit; â€Å"†¦we’re respectable citizens and not criminals!† Despite the possibility that Mr Birling perhaps had an uneasy upbringing, occasionally indicated by his faux pars, which his wife readily berates him for (‘(reproachfully) Arthur, you’re not supposed to say such things-‘), Priestly leaves no room for the audience to sympathise with Birling because in doing so, Capitalism would be accommodated for. To remedy this, Birling is presented as a fool to the modern and 1945 audience by describing the Titanic as ‘†¦unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable.’ As well as wrongly predicting that there wouldn’t be war. As a result, the audiences, likely emotionally affected by these events, would be angered at Mr Birling’s stupidity, making him instantly unlikeable. Coincidentally, J.B Priestly transforms the illusion of grand Capitalism to one of supreme naivety at  Birling’s failure to see past his own self-importance. This sides the audience with what seems to be the only other option that they won’t condemn themselves to this 1912 attitude; Socialism. In essence, Priestly shows that Birling and people like him are a negative part of society because of their refusal to hold any responsibility for anyone other than themselves; â€Å"I can’t accept responsibility†. This in turn steers the audience away from Capitalism by using Mr Birling’s selfishness as a warning to us all: If we don’t accept the responsibility we owe to other people, then no matter who we are, or which walk of life we come from, we will be as foolish as Mr Birling.

The American Criminal Justice System - 1398 Words

The American Criminal Justice system is arguably one of the most fair systems in the world. However, like anything it has its flaws. There are many flaws but the largest three, in my opinion, would be the fact that we have the highest incarceration rate of any other country, the high penalties for drug users, as well as the jury system. The high incarceration rates and the penalties for drug users affect each other but they are still issues on their own. In fact, many of issues within our system coincide within each other. Addressing the incarceration rate issue, since 2002 the United States of America has had the largest incarceration rate in the world. Other countries have hovered around one hundred prisoners per one hundred thousand population, however the United States. has been at approximately five hundred prisoners per one hundred thousand population. In America men have fourteen times higher incarceration rate than women, is it because men commit more crimes than women? Or is there a bias on the male population. The Telegraph, A magazine operating from the United Kingdom, says that women commit petty crimes and their criminal careers are shorter lived, and this has been going on since the early 1970’s. The top five sources of incarceration in america from least common to most common are offenses that everyone can think of. Assault, which accounts for more than one million offenses each year. Larceny, also known as theft is also one of the largest felonies inShow MoreRelatedThe American Criminal Justice System873 Words   |  4 PagesThe American criminal justice system has set up laws and by breaking the laws would be considered a crime, and depending on the crime that is broken have different types of degrees. And these crimes can be broken into three different categorize and whether or not it will be classified as a felony, misdemeanor or an infraction. 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